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HIERARCHIES, JOBS, BODIES:
A Theory of Gendered Organizations
JOAN ACKER
University of Oregon and Arbetslivscentrum, Stockholm
In spite of feminist recognition that hierarchical organizations are an important location of male dominance, most feminists writing about organizations assume that organizational structure is gender neutral. This article argues that organizational structure is not gender neutral; on the contrary, assumptions about gender underlie the documents and contracts used to construct organizations and to provide the commonsense ground for theorizing about them. Their gendered nature is partly masked through obscuring the embodied nature of work. Abstract jobs and hierarchies, common concepts in organizational thinking, assume a disembodies and universal worker. This worker is actually a man; men's bodies, sexuality, and relationships to procreation and paid work are subsumed in the image of the worker. Images of men's bodies and masculinity pervade organizational processes, marginalizing women and contributing to the maintenance of gender segregation in organizations. The positing of gender-neutral and disembodied organizational structures and work relations is part of the larger strategy of control in industrial capitalist societies, which, at least partly, are built upon a deeply embedded substructure of gender difference.
Gender & Society, Vol. 4, No. 2,
139-158 (1990)
DOI: 10.1177/089124390004002002
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R. L. EINWOHNER, J. A. HOLLANDER, and T. OLSON
ENGENDERING SOCIAL MOVEMENTS: Cultural Images and Movement Dynamics
Gender Society,
October 1, 2000;
14(5):
679 - 699.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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J. G. READ and J. P. BARTKOWSKI
TO VEIL OR NOT TO VEIL?: A Case Study of Identity Negotiation among Muslim Women in Austin, Texas
Gender Society,
June 1, 2000;
14(3):
395 - 417.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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D. M. BRITTON
THE EPISTEMOLOGY OF THE GENDERED ORGANIZATION
Gender Society,
June 1, 2000;
14(3):
418 - 434.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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K. lee Ashcraft
Empowering "Professional" Relationships: Organizational Communication Meets Feminist Practice
Management Communication Quarterly,
February 1, 2000;
13(3):
347 - 392.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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P. J. Ballantyne
The social determinants of health: a contribution to the analysis of gender differences in health and illness
Scand J Public Health,
October 1, 1999;
27(4):
290 - 295.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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V. TAYLOR
GENDER AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS: Gender Processes in Women's Self-Help Movements
Gender Society,
February 1, 1999;
13(1):
8 - 33.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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J. TAYLOR
FEMINIST TACTICS AND FRIENDLY FIRE IN THE IRISH WOMEN'S MOVEMENT
Gender Society,
December 1, 1998;
12(6):
674 - 691.
[Abstract]
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M. M. FONOW
PROTEST ENGENDERED: The Participation of Women Steelworkers in the Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel Strike of 1985
Gender Society,
December 1, 1998;
12(6):
710 - 728.
[Abstract]
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S. STALL and R. STOECKER
COMMUNITY ORGANIZING OR ORGANIZING COMMUNITY?: Gender and the Crafts of Empowerment
Gender Society,
December 1, 1998;
12(6):
729 - 756.
[Abstract]
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S. L. HARLAN and P. M. ROBERT
The Social Construction of Disability in Organizations: Why Employers Resist Reasonable Accommodation
Work and Occupations,
November 1, 1998;
25(4):
397 - 435.
[Abstract]
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T. B. EHLERS and K. MAIN
WOMEN AND THE FALSE PROMISE OF MICROENTERPRISE
Gender Society,
August 1, 1998;
12(4):
424 - 440.
[Abstract]
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H. Gottfried
Beyond Patriarchy? Theorising Gender and Class
Sociology,
August 1, 1998;
32(3):
451 - 468.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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