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Reproducing Labor Inequalities

Challenges for Feminists Conceptualizing Care at the Intersections of Gender, Race, and Class

Mignon Duffy

Brandeis University

The author uses census data to assess the consequences of two alternative theoretical formulations of care work for understanding the intersections of gender, race, and economic inequalities in paid care. The nurturance conceptualization focuses on care as relationship while the reproductive labor framework includes both relational and nonrelational jobs that maintain and reproduce the labor force. An empirical application of both models to the labor market shows that placing increasing theoretical emphasis on nurturant care privileges the experiences of white women and excludes large numbers of very-low-wage workers from consideration.

Key Words: care work • reproductive labor • gender, race, and class inequalities

Gender & Society, Vol. 19, No. 1, 66-82 (2005)
DOI: 10.1177/0891243204269499
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